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Cranmer Abacus for Teach Students who are Blind or Visually Impaired

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Cranmer Abacus Instruction

By: Carmen Willings
teachingvisuallyimpaired.com
​Updated June 9, 2019

An abacus can be procured through quota funds from the American Printing House for the Blind if you have access to quota funds. There are several abaci that are available through other vendors including Amazon. Although it is entirely appropriate to expose students at an early age to the abacus, prior to beginning formal instruction in the abacus, it is important to ensure that the student has foundational skills. These include a solid knowledge of addition facts, knowledge of place value, and the ability to define terms used for addition problems.
An abacus is a calculation tool but it should not be confused with a calculator. A better comparison is that it is used as paper and pencil for students with vision. The Cranmer Abacus was designed specifically for individuals who are blind. What makes it unique is the piece of soft fabric or rubber that is placed behind the beads so that they will not inadvertently move while the person performs calculations.

Once students have a basic understanding of addition and subtraction and have mastered their basic math facts, it is important to teach abacus skills to the student. It can't be stressed enough that a student needs to be able to do mental math with some ease before the abacus can be a useful tool. Talking calculators should also be avoided until a student understands mathematical processes. Students should ONLY be permitted to use a calculator if all students in the class are permitted to use their calculators. There is a common misunderstanding that the abacus is comparable to a calculator. A better comparison is its similarity to using fingers to count or paper and pencil. An abacus is a wonderful tool that can assist students in performing mathematical operations.

The abacus teaches mathematical skills that can't be replaced with talking calculators as it teaches the student the process of the calculation and leads to a better understanding of numbers and number sense. The Cranmer abacus is available through APH quota funds as well as Abacus Basic Competency: A County Method available from APH. For those who do not have access to quota funds, it can be purchased through a variety of retailers.

Abacus Basics

​The Cranmer Abacus has thirteen vertical rods. On each rod are five moveable beads. A horizontal separation bar divides the top-most bead on each rod from the bottom 4 beads.
Picture of an abacus in zero position.
Zero Position
The zero position is when all the single beads are positioned at the top of the frame, and the four lower beads on each rod are on the bottom. There are raised dots along the separation line at each rod, and a raised vertical line after every third dot. The lines, called unit marks, serve as commas and decimal points depending on the math problem.

The first rod or column on the far right is the units rod. Each bead below the separation bar on this rod has the value of one. The single bead on that rod has a value of 5. The abacus is based on the decimal system so as you move to each rod on to the left the pattern continues. The second column is the tens column, the third column is the hundreds column and so on. Therefore, in the tens column, each bead below the separation bar has a value 10 and the single bead above the bar has a value of 50. This pattern continues up to the trillion column.

Setting & Clearing Numbers

Numbers are "set" when they are recorded and "cleared" when they are removed or erased.
  • To set 1, move the top bead on the unit rod toward the separation bar.
  • To set a 2, move the second bead on the unit rod toward the separation bar.
  • To set a 3, move the third bead on the unit rod toward the separation bar.
  • To set a 4, move the fourth bead on the unit rod toward the separation bar.
  • To set a 5, clear all four beads by moving them away from the separation bar and moving the single bead with the value of 5 toward the separation bar.
  • To set 6, move the topmost bead below the separation rod up toward the separation bar.
  • To set 7, move the second bead on the unit rod toward the separation bar.
  • To set 8, move the third bead on the unit rod toward the separation bar.
  • To set 9, move the fourth bead on the unit rod toward the separation bar.
  • To set 10, clear all four beads in the unit rod as well as the single bead and move the topmost bead in the tens column, the second column from the right, toward the separation bar.

Additional Resources...

Teachers of Students with Visual Impairments (TVIs) may need refreshers and practice in using the abacus as they can go years without having a student who requires this type of instruction. Thankfully, there are tools available to refresh skills. There are different methods of teaching the abacus, the following resources provide instruction in some of these methods. Additionally, YouTube videos are available online that instruct on how to perform various calculations.
Abacus Made Easy book
Abacus Made Easy Second Edition: A Simplified Manual for Teaching the Cranmer Abacus This manual, available from APH, provides simplified instructions in setting and clearing numbers and perform operations including addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, decimals, fractions, percent, and square roots on the abacus.

Abacus Basic Competency book
Abacus Basic Competency: A Counting Method
This instruction manual, available from APH, teaches abacus skills in the four basic math operations. This abacus instructional system uses the Counting Method instead of the traditional indirect method.

TSBVI
Susan Osterhaus, along with other TVI's, have math resources and videos on abacus use and instruction on Texas School for the Blind.

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    • Selecting the Right AT
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      • Biblical Passages Concerning Blindness
      • Notable People
      • Helen Keller
      • APH Museum
      • Leaders & Legends
      • History of Braillewriters
      • Legislation
    • Visual Impairments >
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      • Convergence Insufficiency (CI)
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      • Books about Dog Guides
      • Teen & Young Adult Books
      • Non-Fiction Books
      • Helen Keller Books
      • Parent Resource Books
      • Grief & Suffering Books
    • Impact on Development & Learning
    • Psychological Impact
    • Social Etiquette
    • Financial Assistance
  • VI Service
    • Educational Programming >
      • National Agenda
      • The Expanded Core Curriculum
      • IDEA and Vision
      • Federal Quota Funds
      • Deaf-Blind Child Count
      • State SpEd Agencies
      • Schools for the Blind
    • Referrals >
      • Vision Concerns
      • Referral Process
      • Eligibility Guidelines
      • Vision Therapy Controversy
      • When Student Doesn't Qualify
    • Medical Vision Exams >
      • Medical Professionals
      • Vision Tests & Tools
      • Visual Acuity
      • Lenses
      • Visual Fields
    • FVLMA >
      • What is the FVE
      • Interpret the Eye Report
      • Environmental Observations
      • FVLMA Observations
      • Interviews
      • Assessment Kit Materials
      • Oculomotor Skills
      • Near Visual Acuities
      • Print Comparisons
      • Distance Acuity
      • Test Visual Fields
      • Vision Skills
      • Learning Media Assessment
      • Reading Rates
      • Writing the FVE Report
    • Service Planning >
      • ECC Annual Needs
      • Service Delivery Models
      • Least Restrictive Environment
      • Early Intervention Services
      • Students with Multiple Disabilities
      • Student Led IEPs
      • 504 Plans
      • Transition Plans
    • Writing Goals >
      • Writing SMART Goals
      • Blooms Taxonomy
      • Independent Living Goals
      • Compensatory Goals
      • Sensory Efficiency Goals
      • Assistive Technology Goals
      • Social Skills Goals
      • Recreation & Leisure Goals
      • Self Determination Goals
      • Career & Vocational Goals
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    • O&M Evaluation
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    • Home Adaptations >
      • General Home Safety
      • Kitchen Adaptations
      • Bathroom Adaptations
      • Medication Adaptations
      • Clothing Management Adaptations
    • Curriculum Adaptations >
      • Numbers & Counting
      • Algebra
      • Geometry & Spatial Sense
      • Measurement & Data
      • Early Literacy Experiences
      • Create Tactile Books
      • Reading Instruction
      • Reading Efficiency
      • Science Adaptations
      • Social Studies Adaptations
    • Material Adaptations >
      • Accessible Educational Materials
      • Large Print
      • Braille Code
      • Photocopying
      • Font Legibility
      • Increase Contrast
      • Pictures and Worksheets
      • Tactile Graphics Guidelines
      • Creating Tactile Graphics
      • Teacher Made Materials for Students with MD
    • Instructional Adaptations >
      • Individual Schedules & Communication Cards
      • Movies & Assemblies
      • Lectures & Instruction
      • Board Work (Chalk, Interactive, White)
    • Environmental Adaptations >
      • School Campus Adaptations
      • Classroom Design Tips
      • Labeling System
      • Adjust Lighting
      • Playground Adaptations
      • Sensory Areas & Rooms
    • Early Childhood Adaptations >
      • Daily Schedule
      • Morning Meeting
      • Weather Check
      • Dramatic Play
      • Blocks
    • Adaptations to the Arts >
      • Art Adaptations
      • Art Materials
      • Music
      • Music & Movement
      • Dance
    • Recreation & Leisure Adaptations >
      • Recreation Adaptations
      • VI Sports Associations
      • Recreation Resources
      • Camps for VI
      • Card and Board Game Adaptations
      • Transcribe Playing Cards
  • VI AT
    • Overview of Assistive Technology
    • VI Assistive Technology >
      • Non-Optical Low Vision Devices
      • Low/Medium Tech Devices for Tactual Learners
      • Optical Devices for Near
      • Optical Devices for Distance
      • Video Magnifiers
      • Screen Magnification & Readers
      • Braille Technology
      • Tactile Graphics Technology
      • Auditory Access Devices
      • Braillewriter Repair
    • Apps for VI >
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      • Apps for Accessing Books
      • Identification Apps
      • Navigation & Location Apps
      • Braille Apps
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      • Cause & Effect Apps
      • Vision Skills Apps
      • Apps for Early Learning
      • Read to Me Story Apps
      • Apps for Communication
      • Android Apps for VI
    • AT Instruction >
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      • Notetaker Instruction
      • Accessing Audio Books
      • Navigate Computer without a Mouse
      • Word Processing and Shortcuts
      • Keyboarding Instruction
    • iOS for VI >
      • iPads as Instructional Tools
      • Making the iOS Device Accessible
      • iOS Accessibility Resources
      • VoiceOver
    • Assistive Technology Assessment
    • VI AT Resources
    • Vendors
  • Instruction
    • Virtual Instruction
    • Instructional Strategies >
      • Development of ECC Resources
      • Teaching in Thematic Units
      • Teaching the ECC
      • Summer Reading (braille)
      • Summer Outdoor Activities
      • Rainy Day Activities
    • Compensatory >
      • Guiding Principles of Concept Development
      • Functional Skills
      • Community Based Experiences
      • Concepts to Teach
      • Organization & Study Skills
      • Cranmer Abacus Instruction
      • Time Management
    • Communication Modes >
      • Language Development
      • Braille Instruction
      • Braille Instruction Materials
      • Writing Braille
      • Signature & Handwriting Instruction
      • Nemeth Braille Code
      • Tactile Graphics Instruction
    • Sensory Efficiency >
      • Sensory Input
      • Encourage Use of Vision in Students with MD
      • Lightbox Use
      • Sensory Activities for Students with MD
      • Sensory Table
      • Visual Efficiency Skills
      • Visual Attend and Scan Activities
      • Visual Tracking Activities
      • Visual Discrimination Activities
      • Visual Motor Activities
      • Optical Device Use
      • Tactual Readiness
      • Developing Skillful Hands
      • Auditory Readiness
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    • Independent Living >
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    • Orientation & Mobility >
      • Transition Between Activities
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    • Social Skills >
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    • Career Education >
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    • Self Determination