Student writing on braillewriter with a BOP book in the foreground
By: Carmen Willings
teachingvisuallyimpaired.com
​Updated October 28, 2017

If a student cannot attain a functional reading speed using large print or low vision devices to read regular size print, then braille should be considered as a complementary tool for literacy. Keep in mind, however, that not all students are good candidates for braille instruction. It is not only essential to have the cognitive abilities and foundational concepts, but it is important to have finger sensitivity and fine motor coordination to maintain sustained touch and systematically track across the paper.
Determining how to teach braille including the frequency and intensity of instruction depends on a variety of factors. The age of the student needs to be considered and whether they have other options for a literacy medium. The student's intellectual capabilities will determine if the focus should be on functional braille or traditional braille. The student's tactile and perceptual abilities and skills are critical to learning to read braille. Students with a history of strokes may not have the finger sensitivity to discriminate the small differences in braille characters. The student's age and additional disabilities will also play a large part in determining the way to instruct the student in braille.

Teaching Tracking Patterns

It is important to teach correct finger and hand use when instructing a student in braille. Different students will use different types of hand movement patterns to read braille. The most efficient pattern is to use a scissor type pattern, moving both hands together. The left hand reads to the middle of the line, then the right hand takes over and reads to the end of the line while the left hand returns to the next line and begin to read independently of the right. The hands meet in the middle of the line of braille and then separate. Light finger touch is also critical for students to acquire.

​When teaching a student tracking patterns, encourage the student to:
  • locate the beginning and end of a raised line and then a braille line. Alternatively, have students track along a line and locate items along the line (ex. a scratch-n-sniff sticker, a texture shape, etc.)
  • track a raised solid and broken lines or pipe cleaners/straws, yarn, Popsicle sticks, ribbon, or textured paper from left to right using both hands. Alternatively, you may choose to begin by using a row of full braille cells to track.
  • track from left to right across braille symbols (which have one or more spaces between them) using both hands, and moves from top to bottom of a page. You may choose to have the student track across a row of full braille cells to discover each letter of their name at the end of the row.
  • Encourage the student to track braille sentences when read aloud by an adult.
Material Positioning/ Stabilizing Tip: Keep braille paper from sliding on the table or desk by placing it on shelf liner, Dycem, or slip guard,

Discourage Backtracking & Scrubbing

It is important as a student is learning braille to discourage regressive hand movements (vertical or horizontal). Regressive hand movements or scrubbing are those in which the hands and fingers move back and forth or up and down unnecessarily on the braille line and interfere with efficient tracking skills. In early literacy activities, these movements may indicate that the student needs additional practice in tracking lines while tactually discriminating likeness and differences between characters and words.

Backtracking is when the student returns to previously read characters if the text doesn't make sense. Although some backtracking is good and can be a positive strategy, excessive backtracking can be an indication that the student is reading at the frustration level and the reading level should be reevaluated.

Encourage Light Finger Touch

Another mechanical skill a good braille reader should develop is to use very little pressure when touching the braille dots. A student should touch lightly along the top of the braille as they read it. If a child is observed to place too much pressure on the fingertips, remind the child to use a light finger touch. If a child is pressing more heavily on the braille characters to gain more tactile information, they may be compensating for a lack of discrimination skills.
  • work on whole body relaxation - if your body is tense, your fingers will be unable to touch lightly
  • Place cotton balls beneath the child's fingers and have him move them across the page
  • learn to "tickle" the dots (touching the dots lightly that it "tickles" the fingers)

Encourage Proper Finger & Hand Position

Just as it is important to learn early how to properly hold a pencil or to use the correct fingers when typing, it is important to learn proper finger and position when reading braille. Although it is acceptable to go between your right or left index finger, it is ideal to have a primary reading finger. Stabilizing the worksheet or book with shelf liner will keep the page from sliding around and promote proper form. The following are skills to encourage:
  • Encourage the student to identify that each finger has a "job" - lead finger or detective fingers
  • Encourage the student to "read" tactual books using the correct finger position.
  • Encourage the student to use the pointer finger as lead finger and use a pinky finger to detect the end of a line

Dot Position in the Braille Cell

Begin instruction by teaching the braille cell. Learning the dot positions in the braille cell is helpful, but not essential, for discriminating letters, numbers, and punctuation. There are many strategies teachers have used to teach the spatial position and dot numbers of specific dots in the braille cell. One of the most widely used method is using a muffin tin with tennis balls. Half dozen egg cartons can also be used or you can find an egg/shape match game. APH provides several materials for instructing a student in the braille cell including the swing cell, pop-a-cell, and the Big Cell. Refer to the Tactual Books page for suggestions on creating a braille alphabet book.
  • Encourage the student to identify the one symbol that is different within a group of three symbols, two of which are identical.
  • Encourage the student to match braille configurations.
  • Encourage the student to identify the spaces on a line of groups of braille symbols with one or more spaces between them.
  • Encourage the student to identify the groups of symbols when given a line of braille symbols and groups of braille symbols.

​Make It Fun!

Write braille notes to the student and place them in unexpected places to create interest and a sense of excitement in using braille. Later, the student can be encouraged to write notes to the teacher of students with visual impairments and others.

Use braille access technology, such as computers and personal note takers, as a motivating factor as students can be motivated by the voice output. This is also a great way to for a more advanced braille reader who uses a personal note taker to have an opportunity to mentor and feel good about their braille skills!

Give the student directions in braille to follow, such as the steps in a treasure hunt. Provide the student with a note that provides a clue to the first location to look. You can pair this with the theme such as hiding the next clue in an Easter egg (adapt to the current theme)!
Game Kit from APH
Game Kit
The Game Kit, available from APH, is a collection of common game parts designed for use by low vision or blind players. The handbook provides suggestions on adapting commercial games or creating new ones.

Pre-Braille Activities

Anne McComiskey, former Director of Project BEGIN, an early childhood program at the Center for the Visually Impaired in Atlanta, Georgia, has developed this Braille Readiness Grid that is an excellent resource tool listing skills future braille learners will need to develop.
Motor Activities Handout
​Motor Activities to Develop Pre-Braille Skills
You are welcome to print and use this list of motor activities that can help develop tactual skills and pre-braille skills. 

Braille Reference 

Literary Braille Checklist
I created this literary braille checklist as a "cheat sheet", located on the Printables page, and also as a means to document student progress in learning the braille code. You can locate this form in the Printables section and print it for your reference. 
Braille keyboard
If you would like to produce ink print braille to create worksheets for students who are beginning to lose their vision or for parents, peers or others who want to learn braille, there is an easy solution! You will first need to download a braille font such as Duxbury. Once you have downloaded the font, use this ASCII keyboard handout to create worksheets!

Braille Instruction Books

Braille Connection
Braille Connection
The Braille Connection: A Braille Reading and Writing Program, available from APH, is designed for former adult and teenage print readers how to read braille. This is a great program that I have used with teenage academic students who are learning braille as a secondary mode of learning.
Becker, Roberta. Unified English Braille Practice Sentences. This book of practice sentences, available from ActualTactuals, was created by the co-author of Literary Braille Practice Sentences (with Phil Mangold). It is available in both print and braille and includes all UEB contractions. Sentences progress from simple to complex, making it easy to select appropriate exercises for individual students. The print book includes simulated braille on facing pages. The contractions are introduced one at a time where possible with sufficient repetition for mastery. The book progresses through all of the various types of braille contractions. 

Braille Assessment & Challenges

ABLS
​Assessment of Braille Literacy Skills (ABLS) Provides educators with a meaningful assessment of Braille literacy skills.
​
The Braille Challenge logo
​The Braille Challenge® is the only national reading and writing contest in braille for blind and visually impaired students. Contests include reading comprehension, braille speed, and accuracy, proofreading, spelling and reading tactile charts and graphs.
Maryland's College and Career Ready Standards for Unified English Braille Checklist is a great checklist by grade and includes braille, formatting and tactile graphics. This is a great age-specific and sequential resource that can help write goals and objectives!
Picture
Great Expectations brings popular picture books to life using a multi-sensory approach — songs, tactile play, picture descriptions, body movement, engaged listening — all designed to promote active reading experiences for children with visual impairments. Often, information critical to the story is conveyed through pictures in books for young children. Parents and teachers will learn how to describe a picture in a book, how to explore a book’s visual concepts, how to play and have fun telling “the whole story.” Children will learn to listen carefully to words, feelings (voice), actions, scene, plots, and character development—elements that they would otherwise miss by not seeing the pictures. Great Expectations makes reading fun!
Remember to store braille books in bookshelves sitting on their end. Do not stack them on top of each other or it will flatten the braille!

Free Membership

Sign up for free membership to access the FREE downloadable handbooks and handouts on the Free Printables page along with access to the Goal Bank pages. Simply click on the Log In | Register link in the navigation bar. If you haven't joined yet, you will be prompted to create a password. ​

ECC Complete Set Bonus

Purchase the TVI's Guide to Teaching the ECC Complete Set and immediately unlock the pages within the ECC Complete Set Bonus including bonus printables, interactive sensory stories, interactive matching activities, interactive choice making activities, job task box activities and MORE! This is my way of continuing to support you and say "Thank you!" for choosing to purchase the Complete Set. 

ECC Instructional Resources

On-Demand Webinars

VI Job Posting Service

Braille Jewelry

Imagination Library Program

Visit the APH site to sign children up for the Imagination Library program! APH and Dolly Parton's Dollywood Foundation have developed a partnership to expand the Imagination Library program to children who are blind and visually impaired by providing print/braille and audio books to children!

The Braille Bug

The Braille Bug site from the American Foundation for the Blind, is a GREAT resource to expose sighted peers to braille. It provides fun facts as well as activities to help peers learn about braille. Encourage the student to help teach the braille code to his or her sighted classmates!

​UEBOnline

UEBOnline is an online braille training program for sighted learners who want to learn Unified English Braille. Since Unified English Braille has been adopted by many countries and replaces standard English braille, teachers of students with visual impairments and parents will need to learn and practice the braille code.
UEBOT ​
​If you're looking for professional development credits and need a refresher in Unified English Braille (UEB), consider taking the UEBOT course. The UEBOT Course will enable individuals familiar with EBAE to gain training with flexibility in scheduling and completion to become proficient in Unified English Braille (UEB). 10 ACVREP Professional Development credits will be issued upon completion of the course at no additional cost. Courses begin on the first and end on the last day of each month. ​