Common Vocabulary
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By: Carmen Willings
teachingvisuallyimpaired.com The vocabulary found in eye reports is just jargon to those unfamiliar with the terminology. Although not exhaustive, the following is a list of common vocabulary words that can be found in eye reports. Let me know if there are additional words you would like listed for quick reference! AccommodationThe ability of the eye to adjust its focus for seeing at different distances by changing the shape of the lens through action of the ciliary muscles. Occurs through a process of ciliary muscle contraction and zonular relaxation that causes the elastic-like lens to "round up" and increase its optical power.
Adventitiously BlindTerm used to describe someone that was sighted prior to becoming blind. It is a loss or impairment of vision that occurs after birth, usually as a result of an accident or disease.
Binocular VisionThe ability to see with both eyes at the same time. Blending of the separate images seen by each eye into one composite image. It results in three-dimensional perception.
BlindnessThe inability to see; the absence or severe reduction of vision. **Many people who meet the definition of blind still have some useable vision. **
Color BlindnessReduced ability to discriminate between colors, especially shades of red and green. Usually hereditary.
CongenitalA word describing any condition present at birth.
Congenitally BlindTerm used to describe someone who has been blind since birth.
ConvergenceThe movement, as an object approaches, of both eyes toward each other in an effort to maintain fusion of separate images.
Convex LensA lens that bends light rays inward and is used to correct hyperopia. It is also called a plus lens.
Doll's Eye PhenomenonAn automatic reaction that occurs during the first and second weeks of life. Rapid turning of the infant's head in a horizontal or vertical plane elicits a response of the child's eyes rotating to the opposite direction.
EnucleationThe surgical procedure consisting of removal of the entire eyeball.
EsophoriaA tendency of the eye to turn inward.
EsotropiaA form of strabismus in which one or both eyes deviate inward.
ExophoriaA tendency of the eye to turn outward.
ExotropiaA form of strabismus in which one or both eyes deviate outward.
Eye DominanceTendency of one eye to assume the major function of seeing, being assisted by the less dominant eye.
Field of VisionThe area of extent of physical space visible to an eye held in a fixed position. Its average extent is approximately 65 degrees upward (superior), 75 degrees downward (inferior), 60 degrees inward (nasal), and 95 degrees outward (temporal) when the eye is in the straight-forward position.
FloatersParticles that float in the vitreous and cast shadows on the retina; seen as spots, cobwebs, spiders, etc. It occurs normally with aging or with vitreous detachment, retinal tears, or inflammation.
Focal PointThe position on the principal axis of a lens system where parallel light rays are brought to a point focus.
Functional BlindnessCondition in which some useful vision may or may not be present but in which the individual uses tactile and auditory channels most effectively for learning.
FusionThe power of coordinating the images received by the two eyes into a single mental image.
HypertropiaThe upward deviation of one eye.
HypotropiaThe downward deviation of one eye.
In FocusAn object is in focus when it is being seen most clearly.
-itisA word ending meaning inflammation.
Legally BlindFor a student to be determined legally blind, the corrected vision in the student's better eye is determined to be worse than 20/200. There are different degrees of blindness. The range is from 20/200 after correction to “no light perception” or “nil”. A visual field no greater than 20 degrees in the better eye is also considered legally blind.
Light AdaptationPhysiologic process that adjusts the eye to bright light levels.
Low VisionLow vision describes a serious loss of vision that cannot be corrected by medical or surgical procedures, or with conventional eyeglasses. Eye care specialists describe low vision in terms of acuity and visual field. The only consistency in low vision is that there are many inconsistencies as conditions effect people in different ways.
MicrophthalmiaAn abnormally small eyeball.
Monocular VisionSight through one eye only, typically caused by injury or enucleation.
Night blindnessA condition in which visual acuity is diminished at night and in dim light.
Occlusion or PatchingWhere one eye is covered to develop the sight in the "lazy eye".
Partially SightedLimited sight which cannot be corrected by glasses or low vision aids. It is a term used to indicate visual acuity of 20/70 to 20/200 but also used to describe visual impairment in which usable vision is present.
Peripheral visionThe perception of objects, motion, or color outside the direct line of vision or by other than the central retina.
PhotocoagulationThe use of a laser to burn or destroy selected intraocular structures, such as intraocular tumors or abnormal blood vessels, and to create chorioretinal adhesions in retinal detachment surgery.
PhotophobiaLight sensitivity to an uncomfortable degree; usually symptomatic of other ocular disorders or diseases.
PigmentationThe color throughout something.
PresbyopiaA decrease in accommodative power (focusing at near) caused by the increasing inelasticity of the lens-ciliary muscle mechanism that occurs approximately anytime after the age of 40.
Prism lensesSpecial triangle-shaped lenses that are incorporated into regular eyeglasses, to redirect the rays of light entering the eye, resulting in a realignment of the eyes or, in some cases, a shifting of image to permit binocular vision.
Refraction/Refractive ErrorThe bending of light rays to focus on the retina. A refractive error is a condition such as myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism, caused by corneal irregularities, in which parallel rays of light are not brought in focus on the retina because of a defect in the shape of the eyeball or the refractive media of the eye.
Spherical lensA lens that's shape is a segment of a sphere. A convex (plus) lens is thicker in the center and is used to correct hyperopia; a concave (minus) lens is used to correct myopia. Other types of spherical lenses are biconvex (when both surfaces curve outward), plano-convex (a single-sided curve), biconcave (both surfaces curing inward), and plano-concave (when only one surface curves inward).
StrabismusAn extrinsic muscle imbalance that causes misalignment of the eyes; includes exotropia, esotropia, hypertropia, and hypotropia.
Visual acuityThe sharpness of vision with respect to the ability to distinguish detail, often measured as the eye's ability to distinguish the details and shapes of objects at a designated distance; involves central (macular) vision.
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Buy together at a reduced price and get BONUS resources! TVI’s Guide to Teaching the ECC: An Activities Based Curriculum for Teaching Students who are Blind or Visually Impaired The TVI’s Guide to Teaching the ECC is a digital pdf available for download. It is designed specifically for fellow itinerant Teachers of Students with Visual Impairments (TVI’s), and consists of over 400 activities and topic areas of discussion for instructing students in the Expanded Core Curriculum. The activities are age-neutral and multi-sensory and therefore can meet the needs of the broad range of students served on an itinerant caseload serving. The activities can be individualized to the students various learning modalities and scaffold in order to challenge students but ensure success. Select those activities that align with the student’s learning objects based on the student’s unique visual needs and academic and developmental level. 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The worksheets, along with a list of environmental print for each thematic unit, are designed to help students refine their visual motor skills while reinforcing ECC concepts presented in the thematic units.  For complete product details and additional images, visit the Visual Efficiency & Near Magnifier Product Page. Visual Efficiency & Near Magnifier Fluency Worksheet Details: ·      Digital pdf download: 210 pages ·      Publisher: Teaching Students with Visual Impairments ·      Author: Carmen Willings ·      Language: English Thematic Keyboarding & Braille Fluency and Maintenance Worksheets: A TVI’s Guide to Teaching the ECC Grab & go Supplement The Thematic Keyboarding & Braille Fluency and Maintenance Grab and Go ECC worksheet packet is a print on demand workbook that contains worksheets in print and simulated braille to use for data collection. Present the student with a hard braille copy and use the worksheets to document accuracy and fluency in reading braille. As a companion to the TVI’s Guide to the ECC, the worksheets correspond to the ECC Thematic activities presented in the curriculum guide. These word lists and sentences will help the student refine their keyboarding or braille reading skills while bridging ECC concepts presented in the thematic units. Although the lists and passages can be produced using a manual braillewriter, you may also copy and paste the passages into any braille translation software for quick production on an embosser. They may also be entered into a typing program such as APH’s Talking Typer to build keyboarding fluency. For complete product details and additional images, visit the Thematic Keyboarding & Braille Fluency & Maintenance Product Page Thematic Keyboarding & Braille Fluency Worksheet Details: ·      Digital pdf download: 338-page print and simulated braille worksheets ·      Publisher: Teaching Students with Visual Impairments ·      Author: Carmen Willings ·      Language: English Thematic Vocabulary Cards and Checklists: Grab & Go ECC Supplement The Thematic Vocabulary Cards and Checklists Grab and Go ECC supplement is a 446 page pdf downloadable print on demand workbook that includes 2940 vocabulary card on 3 1/2" x 2" templates divided by each of the 32 Thematic Units along with a checklist of each unit words in print and simulated braille. As a companion to the TVI's Guide to the ECC, the vocabulary cards correspond to the ECC Thematic activities presented in the curriculum guide. Additional Use: Teachers of Students with Visual Impairments can have a extremely varied caseloads. It is possible to go several years without having a student on your caseload who requires braille instruction. Like other skills, if you do not practice your braille regularly, it is easy to lose those skills. Use these checklists and cards to maintain your braille skills. Fold the checklist along the line dividing the print from the braille. Choose to either read the print and produce the word in braille using a braillewriter or read the simulated braille and decode it. Finally, these vocabulary cards and checklists may be used with family members or peers who are interested in learning and practicing the braille code. For complete product details and additional images, visit the Thematic Vocabulary Cards & Checklists Product Page Thematic Vocabulary Cards and Checklists Details: ·      Digital pdf download: 446-page print on demand resource ·      Publisher: Teaching Students with Visual Impairments ·      Author: Carmen Willings ·      Language: English BONUS! Lotto Cards The LOTTO Cards Grab and Go Supplement includes 37 theme related unit cards along with activity suggestions that support activities within the TVI's Guide to Teaching the ECC. On My Way File Folder Cards Print and use these cards to represent locations the student may visit that are related to the current thematic unit. Use these with the On My Way File Folder Game outlined in the TVI's Guide to Teaching the ECC p. 27. NEW! Access to TVI's Guide Bonus Membership Pages Note: All products are digital pdf downloads. Once you make your purchase you will be directed to an order confirmation page where you will find the download link. This download will also be included on the receipt sent to the email address you provide. The pdf download can be found directly under the order number. If you encounter any difficulty, please let me know and I can assist you. *Please contact me if you need to purchase using a purchase order. 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This presentation provides a walk-through of the process and steps of conducting a Functional Vision Evaluation and Learning/Reading Media Assessment. Key points include interpreting the eye report, materials to use in the assessment, conducting interviews and observations as well as strategies for direct assessment and writing a professional and thorough report that is informative to all audiences. Next steps are also covered including the importance of a low vision assessment, determining the need for additional assistive technology and implications for service. Objectives:
Request a Certificate of Completion To receive a certificate of completion for 1 contact hour (1 CE hour credit), complete the short Conducting the FVLMA quiz on Google Forms and receive a score of at least 80%. Don't worry. If you don't pass, you can look over your notes or re-watch the presentation and retake the test! If you have any difficulty accessing the form, please contact me so we can troubleshoot! System Requirements: Presentations are recorded PowerPoint presentations. You must be able to access PowerPoint to view the PowerPoint presentation. Please note that the Webinar pages are closed member pages available to individuals who have purchase access to the webinar. *Please contact me if you need to purchase using a purchase order. I am happy to help guide you in the process of adding Teaching Students with Visual Impairments as an approved vendor for your school or program or you can visit the product support page for information on using a PO. |
