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Accommodations for Students who are Blind or Visually Impaired

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Accommodations & Modifications

By: Carmen Willings
teachingvisuallyimpaired.com
​Updated March 13, 2016

What is the difference between accommodations and modifications? A colleague of mine once shared an easy way to remember the difference: "a" comes before "m" in the alphabet. Likewise, accommodations happen before modifications. The following details what accommodations and modifications are:

Accommodations

Accommodations do not reduce grade level standards but rather help provide access to the course content. They do not alter the amount or complexity of the information taught to the student. Accommodations are changes in the program from a way things are typically done so that a student with a disability can have equal opportunity to participate and allow the student to be successful. These changes do not substantially or fundamentally lower or alter the standards.

The purpose of accommodations is to decrease or to eliminate interference from the disability. These accommodations would be tied to district and state testing. Accommodations must be part of the student's ongoing instructional program and not introduce during state-required assessments. When choosing accommodations, they must:


  • Be based on current individualized needs;
  • Reduce the effect of the disability to access the current curriculum;
  • Be specific about where, when, who and how the accommodations will be provided;
  • Include current input from parents, teachers, student, and therapists;
  • Be based on current specific needs in each content area.

Select those that are appropriate and meet the student's needs. Remember each state identifies acceptable or standard accommodations as well as conditional accommodations. Be sure to check with your state's allowable accommodations. Georgia, where I currently teach, has a list of standard accommodations on the Department of Education website. The following is a list of possible accommodations to include in the student's IEP to ensure the student with visual impairments can be successful in the school. Please remember that this should not serve as a checklist. The purpose of an accommodation is to level the playing field and NOT provide an unfair advantage over others. Only identify accommodations that are required for the student to access his or her education. Provide teachers with a list of the student's Unique Visual Needs at the beginning of the school year and update should there be changes.
Changes in the medium used:
  • braille
  • large print
  • audiotape
  • electronic text
  • oral testing/scribing
Changes made in the way materials are presented
  • Copies of overhead projector/smartboard activities to be viewed at his/her desk as needed.
  • The teacher or presenter should verbalize all information as it is written on the board or overhead.
  • Information presented on the board should be in a high contrast color.
  • Use a slant-board to position papers appropriately for reduced visual strain and to avoid glare.
  • The computer screen should be eye level and tilted to avoid glare.
  • Use recorded text as needed.
  • Classroom recording of lectures/instruction by the student.
  • Large Print textbooks/materials.
  • Braille textbooks/materials.
  • Clear, dark copies of worksheets.
  • Use of a reading guide to assist in keeping place while reading and completing worksheets.
  • Present materials against a plain background
  • Use a good contrast background and present on a contrasting tray or mat.
Time requirements:
  • Time and a half or double time
  • Consideration for the student's reading/writing speed
  • Consideration for the time needed to use adaptive equipment
  • Consideration for eye fatigue and scanning ability
Changes in the way students demonstrate learning
  • Modified assignments (when appropriate and needed) to accommodate visual fatigue (extended time and/or shortened amount of assignments).
  • Avoid activities requiring extensive visual scanning.
  • Avoid visually cluttered materials.
  • Allow students to use (bold marker, 20/20 pen, mechanical pencil, or another unique writing tool) to complete assignments.
  • Use of bold line paper.
  • Use of raised line paper.
  • Abbreviated homework assignment (includes all concepts, just fewer items).
  • Shorter written assignment.
  • Oral testing.
Changes in Setting:
  • preferential seating in the classroom for all films, assemblies and demonstration lessons.
  • seated facing away from windows.
  • permission to move about the room as needed to see information presented away from his/her desk.
Changes in the Setting: Environment
  • Avoid glare in general from overhead lights. Consider placing light filters on fluorescent lights.
  • Open and close doors fully (a half-open door can be a dangerous obstacle).
  • Eliminate unnecessary background noise. Consider isolation headphones.
  • Eliminate clutter from the room, particularly in aisles and movement paths.
  • Place materials in consistent places so that students know where particular items are always located.
  • Preferential locker position and locks with keys vs. combination locks.
  • Use of task lighting as needed.

Modifications

Modifications lower the learning expectations and should only be used if this is the only way for the student to be successful. Parents must understand if modifications to grade level standards are being made, their child may be at risk for not meeting graduation requirements. When choosing to modify the curriculum be sure to make decisions:

  • Based on the student's current assessment results of the student's abilities;
  • Based on the student's current skills based on current assessments;
  • Based on the student's emotional well-being;
  • To help the student be successful; and
  • After trying the use of supplementary aids and services.
The following is a list of possible modifications to include in the student's IEP to ensure the student with visual impairments can be successful in the school. Select those that are appropriate and meet the student's needs. 

  • Reducing assignments so a student only completes the easiest problems;
  • Altering assignments to make them easier;
  • Requiring a student to learn fewer materials that are required by the State's academic content standards;
  • Providing help to a student via hints or clues to the correct answers on assignments and tests.

Test Taking

Students who plan to attend college will be required to take standardized tests as part of college admissions criteria. Accommodations for the ACT, PSAT, SAT and AP programs are overseen by Services for Students with Disabilities (SSD), which is part of the College Board, the major nonprofit organization that sponsors pre-college and college admissions tests. College Board requires that requests for accommodations be submitted well in advance. A student must have a documented disability and the student and the school must complete the SSD Student Eligibility Form that must be signed by the parents or guardians.  Family Connect, AFB's website for parents of children with visual impairments, provides more information on these accommodations.

Accommodations for Individuals with Visual Impairments

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Ensuring the student has access to the curriculum and entire educational environment is a key role of the Teacher of Students with Visual Impairments. This presentation provides an overview of accommodations for students who are blind or visually impaired. I discuss considerations for providing accommodations, go over common accommodations, strategies for preparing the student to request job accommodations and strategies for communicating needs to teams and employers.

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This form identifies possible recommendations for accommodations that can be beneficial for students with visual impairments or blindness that have multiple disabilities. Select those that are appropriate for the student. 

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This form identifies possible recommendations for accommodations that can be beneficial for students with visual impairments or blindness that is following the standard course of study. Select those that are appropriate for the student. ​

Thank you for visiting!
The mission of Teaching Students with Visual Impairments is to provide all persons involved in education students who are blind or visually impaired with the necessary resources to help each student become successful members of their communities and to equip those in the visual impairment field with resources to meet the wide range of needs of the students they serve. ​
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    • Itinerant Teaching Strategies & Tips
    • Accommodations for VI
    • Strategies & Activities for Standard Course of Study
    • Using Themes to Teach the ECC
    • Accessible Content for BLVI
    • Conducting a FVLMA
    • Developing SMARTER Goals
    • Selecting the Right AT
    • Tips for Being a "Physically Fit" TVI
    • The Art of Teaching the ECC
    • Activities to Teach the ECC
    • Determining Service Intensity Using the VISSIT
  • Professional Practice
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      • Become a Vision Professional
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      • Parapros & Braille Transcribers
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      • APH Scholar Program
    • Instructional Planning >
      • VI Program Handbook
      • Caseload Analysis
      • Itinerant Teaching Tips
      • Year at a Glance
      • Role of the Classroom Teacher
      • Simulation Activities
    • Professional Publications >
      • General VI Resource Books
      • CVI & MD Resource Books
      • Braille Resource Books
      • O&M Resource Books
      • Early Intervention Resource Books
      • Journal Resources
  • Foundations of VI
    • History of Visual Impairments >
      • Timeline of VI
      • Biblical Passages Concerning Blindness
      • Notable People
      • Helen Keller
      • APH Museum
      • Leaders & Legends
      • History of Braillewriters
      • Legislation
    • Visual Impairments >
      • Structure & Function of the Eye
      • Vision Classifications
      • Common Vocabulary
      • Common Visual Impairments
      • Cortical Visual Impairments
      • Convergence Insufficiency (CI)
      • Deaf-Blind
    • VI Resources >
      • VI Organizations
      • US Government Agencies
      • Support Networks
      • Deaf-Blind Resources
      • Georgia Vision Resources
      • Online Parent Resources
    • V.I. Book Resources >
      • Children's Books
      • Young Reader Books
      • Books about Dog Guides
      • Teen & Young Adult Books
      • Non-Fiction Books
      • Helen Keller Books
      • Parent Resource Books
      • Grief & Suffering Books
    • Impact on Development & Learning
    • Psychological Impact
    • Social Etiquette
    • Financial Assistance
  • VI Service
    • Educational Programming >
      • National Agenda
      • The Expanded Core Curriculum
      • IDEA and Vision
      • Federal Quota Funds
      • Deaf-Blind Child Count
      • State SpEd Agencies
      • Schools for the Blind
    • Referrals >
      • Vision Concerns
      • Referral Process
      • Eligibility Guidelines
      • Vision Therapy Controversy
      • When Student Doesn't Qualify
    • Medical Vision Exams >
      • Medical Professionals
      • Vision Tests & Tools
      • Visual Acuity
      • Lenses
      • Visual Fields
    • FVLMA >
      • What is the FVE
      • Interpret the Eye Report
      • Environmental Observations
      • FVLMA Observations
      • Interviews
      • Assessment Kit Materials
      • Oculomotor Skills
      • Near Visual Acuities
      • Print Comparisons
      • Distance Acuity
      • Test Visual Fields
      • Vision Skills
      • Learning Media Assessment
      • Reading Rates
      • Writing the FVE Report
    • Service Planning >
      • ECC Annual Needs
      • Service Delivery Models
      • Least Restrictive Environment
      • Early Intervention Services
      • Students with Multiple Disabilities
      • Student Led IEPs
      • 504 Plans
      • Transition Plans
    • Writing Goals >
      • Writing SMART Goals
      • Blooms Taxonomy
      • Independent Living Goals
      • Compensatory Goals
      • Sensory Efficiency Goals
      • Assistive Technology Goals
      • Social Skills Goals
      • Recreation & Leisure Goals
      • Self Determination Goals
      • Career & Vocational Goals
    • Low Vision Eval
    • O&M Evaluation
    • Educational Assessments
  • Adaptations
    • Unique Visual Needs
    • Accommodations & Modifications
    • Home Adaptations >
      • General Home Safety
      • Kitchen Adaptations
      • Bathroom Adaptations
      • Medication Adaptations
      • Clothing Management Adaptations
    • Curriculum Adaptations >
      • Numbers & Counting
      • Algebra
      • Geometry & Spatial Sense
      • Measurement & Data
      • Early Literacy Experiences
      • Create Tactile Books
      • Reading Instruction
      • Reading Efficiency
      • Science Adaptations
      • Social Studies Adaptations
    • Material Adaptations >
      • Accessible Educational Materials
      • Large Print
      • Braille Code
      • Photocopying
      • Font Legibility
      • Increase Contrast
      • Pictures and Worksheets
      • Tactile Graphics Guidelines
      • Creating Tactile Graphics
      • Teacher Made Materials for Students with MD
    • Instructional Adaptations >
      • Individual Schedules & Communication Cards
      • Movies & Assemblies
      • Lectures & Instruction
      • Board Work (Chalk, Interactive, White)
    • Environmental Adaptations >
      • School Campus Adaptations
      • Classroom Design Tips
      • Labeling System
      • Adjust Lighting
      • Playground Adaptations
      • Sensory Areas & Rooms
    • Early Childhood Adaptations >
      • Daily Schedule
      • Morning Meeting
      • Weather Check
      • Dramatic Play
      • Blocks
    • Adaptations to the Arts >
      • Art Adaptations
      • Art Materials
      • Music
      • Music & Movement
      • Dance
    • Recreation & Leisure Adaptations >
      • Recreation Adaptations
      • VI Sports Associations
      • Recreation Resources
      • Camps for VI
      • Card and Board Game Adaptations
      • Transcribe Playing Cards
  • VI AT
    • Overview of Assistive Technology
    • VI Assistive Technology >
      • Non-Optical Low Vision Devices
      • Low/Medium Tech Devices for Tactual Learners
      • Optical Devices for Near
      • Optical Devices for Distance
      • Video Magnifiers
      • Screen Magnification & Readers
      • Braille Technology
      • Tactile Graphics Technology
      • Auditory Access Devices
      • Braillewriter Repair
    • Apps for VI >
      • Note Taking Apps
      • Apps for Accessing Books
      • Identification Apps
      • Navigation & Location Apps
      • Braille Apps
      • Magnifier Apps
      • Sound Making Apps
      • Cause & Effect Apps
      • Vision Skills Apps
      • Apps for Early Learning
      • Read to Me Story Apps
      • Apps for Communication
      • Android Apps for VI
    • AT Instruction >
      • Video Magnifier Instruction
      • Notetaker Instruction
      • Accessing Audio Books
      • Navigate Computer without a Mouse
      • Word Processing and Shortcuts
      • Keyboarding Instruction
    • iOS for VI >
      • iPads as Instructional Tools
      • Making the iOS Device Accessible
      • iOS Accessibility Resources
      • VoiceOver
    • Assistive Technology Assessment
    • VI AT Resources
    • Vendors
  • Instruction
    • Virtual Instruction
    • Instructional Strategies >
      • Development of ECC Resources
      • Teaching in Thematic Units
      • Teaching the ECC
      • Summer Reading (braille)
      • Summer Outdoor Activities
      • Rainy Day Activities
    • Compensatory >
      • Guiding Principles of Concept Development
      • Functional Skills
      • Community Based Experiences
      • Concepts to Teach
      • Organization & Study Skills
      • Cranmer Abacus Instruction
      • Time Management
    • Communication Modes >
      • Language Development
      • Braille Instruction
      • Braille Instruction Materials
      • Writing Braille
      • Signature & Handwriting Instruction
      • Nemeth Braille Code
      • Tactile Graphics Instruction
    • Sensory Efficiency >
      • Sensory Input
      • Encourage Use of Vision in Students with MD
      • Lightbox Use
      • Sensory Activities for Students with MD
      • Sensory Table
      • Visual Efficiency Skills
      • Visual Attend and Scan Activities
      • Visual Tracking Activities
      • Visual Discrimination Activities
      • Visual Motor Activities
      • Optical Device Use
      • Tactual Readiness
      • Developing Skillful Hands
      • Auditory Readiness
      • Listening Skills Instruction
    • Independent Living >
      • Responsibility & Independence
      • Mealtime Independence
      • Eating Adaptations
      • Food Preparation
      • Recipe Activities
      • Hygiene & Grooming
      • Dressing & Clothing Management
      • Money
      • Housekeeping Instruction
    • Orientation & Mobility >
      • Transition Between Activities
      • Proper Guide Techniques
      • Orienting Student to Environment
      • Mobility Skills
      • Travel
      • Dog Guides
    • Social Skills >
      • Non-Verbal Communication
      • Social Interactions
      • Self Concept
      • Icebreakers & Mixers
    • Career Education >
      • Classroom Jobs
      • Career & Vocational
      • Prepare for College & Career
    • Recreation & Leisure >
      • Learn to Play
    • Self Determination