Adapting Dance Instruction

​As outlined by Donna McNear in Foundations of Education (2nd ed., Vol. II), the following strategies support meaningful dance participation for students with visual impairments:
  • Collaborate with the O&M Specialist: If the student receives O&M services, the O&M specialist may work with the dance or PE instructor to evaluate current movement skills and pre-teach specific movements or routines. The O&M can also help orient the student to the physical space, such as a gym, classroom, or stage.
  • Offer Movement Access: Students with low vision may benefit from close proximity to the instructor and clear visual modeling. Students who are blind often benefit from tactile modeling—placing their hands on the instructor’s body to understand the movement—or being motored through the movements initially.
  • Break It Down: If a student struggles with a complex routine, break it into smaller components. Allow focused practice of individual movements before combining them into a full routine.
  • Use Verbal and Audio Prompts: Cues such as verbal directions, clapping, whistles, or music cues can help students remain oriented and engaged in the activity.
  • Fade Support Gradually: As the student builds confidence, reduce assistance and encourage independence, adjusting support as needed.

​Environmental Adaptations

  • Marking the floor with tactile indicators (e.g., Velcro strips, textured mats) to define boundaries or positions.
  • Use of sound sources (drums, shakers, clapping) at various room points to orient students to movement direction.
  • Mirrored walls (for students with low vision) to increase visual feedback, with instruction on how to use them effectively.

​Cueing Techniques

  • Use hand-under-hand modeling while respecting autonomy and consent.
  • Use of partner mirrors (student mimics partner) for kinesthetic learning.
  • Tactile mapping of dance pathways (e.g., tracing routes on a tactile diagram or map).

Movement Vocabulary

  • Whole Body Movements: bend forward, bend backward, sway, twist, roll, jump, skip, crawl, tiptoe, stoop, squat, stand, sit, run, twirl
  • Lower Body Movements: kick, stamp, shuffle, stand on one foot, tap toes/heels, swing legs, wiggle toes, bend knees
  • Upper Body Movements: raise/lower arms, clap, reach, shrug, throw, stretch, swing arms, nod/shake head, pound, punch, fold arms, grasp, pat head
  • Finger Movements: point, snap, flick, pinch, squeeze, tap, scratch, twist, tie, lace
  • Facial Movements: smile, frown, squint, wrinkle, grimace
  • Movement Qualities: happily, slowly, quickly, sadly, quietly, loudly
  • Movement Directions: up, down, forward, backward, sideways, in a circle
  • Spatial Concepts: over, under, in front of, behind, between, beside

​Additional Tips

  • Use mirrors (for students with usable vision) or video/audio recordings for feedback and reinforcement.
  • Provide clear spatial references (e.g., “Take two steps forward from the wall,” or “Face the sound of the drum.”)
  • Reinforce movement with rhythm-based instruction to help with timing, coordination, and memory.

​Family & Community Engagement

Families can:
  • Enroll students in community-based dance classes with adapted supports.
  • Help reinforce choreography at home using verbal cues, rhythmic tapping, or home-created tactile floor plans.
  • Attend inclusive dance performances to encourage appreciation and community connection.

​Inclusive Dance Programs & Resources

​Introduce organizations and programs that specialize in inclusive or adaptive dance:
  • DanceAbility International – Offers inclusive dance programs worldwide for people with and without disabilities.
  • Infinite Flow Dance – A professional dance company using wheelchair and standing dancers to promote inclusion and accessibility.
  • National Dance Institute (NDI) – Offers inclusive dance education for children of all abilities.
  • Dancing Wheels Company & School – Based in Ohio, they offer inclusive dance classes and workshops, including for visually impaired dancers.
Also, note that some state schools for the blind or school districts with strong adaptive PE programs may also offer integrated dance programming—useful for TVIs or families looking to connect locally.

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