History of Visual Impairments

By: Carmen Willings
teachingvisuallyimpaired.com
​Updated June 19, 2025
The history of visual impairments spans centuries, beginning with early references in religious and philosophical texts and evolving into a modern field focused on education, inclusion, and empowerment.

​Early History and Perceptions

Visual impairments have been documented since Biblical times, often interpreted as signs of sin, punishment, or divine intervention. In many early societies, blindness was associated with dependency and marginalization.
A shift in perception began in 1260, when King Louis IX of France, following his return from the Crusades, devoted himself to charitable works. Among them was the funding of one of the earliest known institutions for individuals who were blind, signaling the beginning of more organized and compassionate care, though education for the blind remained centuries away.
Before the invention of braille, individuals with visual impairments developed tactile systems using embossed letters, pinprick patterns, and embroidered materials to read by touch—an early indicator of the creativity and adaptability that would shape the future of the field.

​Key Milestones in the History of Visual Impairments

1700s – Early Institutional Efforts

  • ​1784 – Valentin Haüy opens the first school for the blind​ in Paris, France, known as the Institution des Jeunes Aveugles.
  • 1791 – First British school for the blind opens in Liverpool, England.
  • 1793 – France mandates education for blind children, an early model of compulsory specialized education.

1800s – The Braille Revolution and U.S. Foundations

  • ​1808 – Charles Barbier invents Écriture Nocturne ("night writing") for soldiers.
  • 1827 – James Gall publishes the first raised-print English-language book.
  • 1829 – Louis Braille publishes his tactile reading code.
  • 1829 – Perkins School for the Blind incorporated as New England Asylum for the Blind.
  • 1831 – New York Institute for Special Education founded.
  • 1832 – Overbrook School for the Blind (PA) established.
  • 1833 – Gospel of St. Mark becomes first raised-print book in the U.S.
  • 1834 – Braille code is refined by Louis Braille.
  • 1837 – Perkins School establishes a dedicated braille printing plant.
  • 1839 – First state-supported teacher training school (Lexington, MA).
  • 1854 – France officially adopts braille as the standard tactile reading code.
  • 1858 – Seven states support a central printing house, leading to APH.
  • 1860 – Missouri School for the Blind becomes first U.S. school to use braille.
  • 1872 – Scotland mandates inclusive education for blind children.
  • 1878 – Joel W. Smith develops the American raised-point system.
  • 1879 – APH Quota Funds established with federal support.

1900–1950 – Expanding Access and Advocacy

  • ​1893 – Compulsory education laws begin affirming the legal right to education for blind students.
  • 1903 – Helen Keller becomes the first deaf-blind person to earn a college degree.
  • 1905 – The New York Association for the Blind, later Lighthouse International, is founded.
  • 1915 – National Society for the Prevention of Blindness (now Prevent Blindness) is established.
  • 1918 – The University of California begins offering coursework for training TVIs.
  • 1921 – The American Foundation for the Blind (AFB) is founded to improve access, literacy, and independence.
  • 1922 – The Council for Exceptional Children (CEC) is founded, promoting equity in special education.
  • 1929 – The Seeing Eye opens in Morristown, NJ, becoming the first U.S. guide dog school.
  • 1931 – The Library of Congress establishes the National Library Service for the Blind and Print Disabled (NLS).
  • 1935 – The Social Security Act adopts the American Medical Association’s definition of legal blindness.
  • 1940 – The National Federation of the Blind (NFB) is founded to advocate for civil rights and independence.
  • 1947 – The Perkins Brailler is designed by David Abraham and becomes the standard writing tool for braille users.
  • 1948 – Recording for the Blind (now Learning Ally) is founded to provide audio textbooks for students.

1950–2000 – Defining the Profession and Technology

  • ​1954 – The Pine Brook Report outlines the instructional needs of students with visual impairments and the growing need for trained professionals.
  • 1960 – The Comstock Report identifies the emerging role of Orientation and Mobility (O&M) specialists.
  • 1960 – Boston College launches the first university-based O&M preparation program.
  • 1961 – The American Council of the Blind (ACB) is founded.
  • 1966 – The CEC Division on Visual Impairments and Deafblindness (DVIDB) adopts terminology distinguishing between “blind” and “partially sighted.”
  • 1970 – Closed-Circuit Televisions (CCTVs) begin commercial use, increasing access to print for individuals with low vision.
  • 1975 – The Education for All Handicapped Children Act (PL 94-142) mandates free, appropriate public education for students with disabilities, including visual impairments.
  • 1990 – Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) is signed into law, increasing access and civil rights protections.
  • 2000 – ACVREP (Academy for Certification of Vision Rehabilitation and Education Professionals) is established to standardize credentialing.
  • 2000 – The AFB National Literacy Center is created to address literacy disparities.
  • 2001 – Bookshare, an online accessible library for students with qualifying print disabilities, is launched by Benetech.

2000–Present – Technology, Inclusion, and Equity

  • ​2004 – IDEA Reauthorization emphasizes access to the general education curriculum for all students, including those with visual impairments.
  • 2010 – The iPad and touch-screen accessibility features usher in new forms of mobile assistive technology.
  • 2011 – Unified English Braille (UEB) is adopted by the International Council on English Braille.
  • 2016 – The U.S. officially implements UEB as the standard braille code for instruction and publication.
  • 2020–2021 – During the COVID-19 pandemic, TVIs and O&M specialists adapt services for remote instruction, reshaping approaches to accessibility and distance learning.​
  • 2023 – APH launches Code Jumper and Monarch, two groundbreaking tools expanding access to coding and dynamic tactile graphics.

Looking Forward

From ancient misconceptions and institutionalization to advocacy, innovation, and inclusive education, the history of visual impairments reflects a remarkable journey of resilience and progress. Today, professionals, families, and individuals with visual impairments work together toward a future of access, independence, equity, and empowerment.
Note: This timeline is based on the most accurate historical information available from print and online sources. If you spot any discrepancies or have additional milestones to suggest, please contact me so I can update this page. Thank you!