VISION THERAPY CONTROVERSYBy: Carmen Willings
teachingvisuallyimpaired.com Revised October 4, 2017 A subset of optometrists called developmental or behavioral optometrists, have been practicing vision therapy for decades. Vision therapy, also known as vision training, is an individualized, supervised, treatment program that is used for children (and sometimes adults) who have binocular vision problems, such as convergence insufficiency, focusing problems, tracking difficulties, eye teaming difficulties and for visual perceptual difficulties. The goal of the therapy is to train the brain to process visual information more efficiently. For most people, vision therapy means once a week visits to their optometrist's office for a period of time, where they work with the optometrist or a trained vision therapist working under the supervision of an optometrist. They will guide the patient through activities designed with the goal to correct visual processing problems and/or build visual skills. Programs typically involve eye exercises and the use of lenses, prisms, filters, occluders, specialized instruments, and computer programs. The therapist or optometrist might provide a few activities to work on at home. The vision activities (or exercises) usually take about 15 minutes a day. The therapy, that takes weeks to months, is closely monitored by vision therapists in the clinical setting.
What is the Controversy?This treatment is not usually prescribed by medical doctors (ophthalmologists) but is prescribed by optometrists (ODs) who specialize in this area. Many ophthalmologists feel that there is no benefit to vision therapy as there are few randomized, controlled trials that show the benefit of vision therapy. Although there have been cases where vision therapy has proven to be helpful, there have been only few valid scientific studies addressing the effectiveness of vision therapy. This is why there is a lack of acceptance of this as a treatment option within the vision field as a whole. Furthermore, the therapy is very costly (thousands of dollars) and is not covered by many insurance companies. There is a possibility that major medical may cover visual training (this may vary from state to state). Some optometrists have been able to successfully file it under the category of physical therapy, but that depends on the insurance company.
Is Vision Therapy Provided by Schools?If a family chooses to participate in vision therapy, they must understand that it is performed by Vision Therapists, not Teachers of Students with Visual Impairments, in a clinical setting and homework is provided for home use. As stated earlier, Vision Therapists are not employees of schools but rather in medical settings. It is at the discretion of school districts whether or not they will pay for outside therapies. For those students who are prescribed vision therapy, a doctor should provide intervention. IDEA and the No Child Left Behind, Elementary and Secondary Education Act require educators to consider evidence-based educational practices. Due to the lack of scientific evidence of the efficacy of eye exercises, vision therapy as an educational intervention is not practiced by educators, specifically a Teacher of Students with Visual Impairments (TVI). Additionally, vision therapy is considered a medical service and therefore in most states, it is excluded as a related service under IDEA and should not be listed on the IEP (Some states, such as California, do provide Vision Therapy Services and Vision Therapists are employed by the school - separate from Teachers of Students with Visual Impairments). If a family decides to participate in vision therapy it should be obtained privately through an optometrist or vision therapist under the guidance of an Optometrist. Teachers of Student with Visual Impairments do, however, teach visual efficiency skills which should not be confused with vision therapy. Instruction in visual efficiency skills may be included in the IEP for students who are eligible and in need of instruction by a TVI as it is a part of the Expanded Core Curriculum.
Although vision therapy is typically not provided by the schools, the students may still receive adaptations or other services that may help them. The optometrist may recommend school accommodations that may assist the student throughout the day. These recommendations are generally simple to provide and may include using a line guide or a bookmark to keep their place while reading, positioning books on a slant board or incline, receiving a copy of notes or information presented on the board and being seated closer to the board. Keep in mind that although the student may need support or accommodations in these areas related to vision, they will typically not meet the eligibility criteria to be identified as a student with a visual impairment as the criteria for that label is reserved for students who are severely impacted by their vision (see eligibility criteria). Although the student may not meet the eligibility criteria for vision services provided by the school, the student may meet the eligibility criteria for school based occupational therapy. The occupational therapist may be able to work with the student in the area of sensory processing problems. Similarly, they may be able to receive support from a reading specialist. The information presented here was taken from the Boston Children's Hospital FAQ's on vision therapy; wikipedia on vision therapy; and the Optometrist Network.
Position PapersThe College of Optometrists have created a position paper on the topic of vision therapy. The Association of Education and Rehabilitation of Blind and Visually Impaired (AER) has also created a position paper. Both can be downloaded and printed for your reference:
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TVI's Guide to Teaching the ECC: An Activities Based Curriculum for Teaching Students who are Blind or Visually Impaired
$50.00
Written specifically for fellow itinerant Teachers of Students with Visual Impairments (TVI’s), this book consists of over 400 research-based activities and topic areas of discussion for instructing students in the Expanded Core Curriculum. The activities are age-neutral and multi-sensory and therefore can meet the needs of the broad range of students served on an itinerant caseload serving. The activities can be individualized to the students various learning modalities and scaffold in order to challenge students but ensure success. Select those activities that align with the student’s learning objects based on the student’s unique visual needs and academic and developmental level. The core activities listed in the Activity section can be adapted to each thematic unit. These include:
In addition to the core activity areas, each of the 32 Thematic Units incorporates additional unique ECC concepts and skills providing you with a years’ worth of activities. These units are cyclical and can be used repeatedly to help students build on prior knowledge and develop a deeper understanding of concepts. Each unit includes suggestions for activity adaptation associated with the unit. These include lists of objects, possible community based experiences, environmental print, poems, children & young reader books, children's songs, pop culture songs, movies, and websites. Unique Concepts within the Units include:
Although the intended audience of this resource is fellow Teachers of Students with Visual Impairments, special education teachers may find these activities beneficial to the students in their classrooms as the activities are multisensory and include life skills and concepts needed by all students. This resource, however, is not intended to take the place of a Teacher of Students with Visual Impairments (TVI). Readers are advised to consult their own TVI’s regarding instruction in the ECC and the unique visual needs of the student’s served in their programs. Note: This curriculum is a digital pdf download. Once you make your purchase you will be directed to an order confirmation page where you will find the download link. This download will also be included on the receipt sent to the email address you provide. The pdf download can be found directly under the order number. Product details Digital pdf download: 346 pages (11 pt font) Publisher: Teaching Students with Visual Impairments Author: Carmen Willings Language: English 
Visual Efficiency & Magnifier Fluency Grab & Go ECC Supplements
$20.00
This workbook is a pdf download that can be printed on demand for use with students. It contains five different types of worksheets for developing visual motor skills and near magnifier fluency skills particularly with the use of a video magnifier. As a supplement to the TVI’s Guide to the ECC, the worksheets correspond to each of the 32 ECC Thematic units. The worksheets, along with a list of environmental print for each thematic unit, are designed to help students refine their visual motor skills while reinforcing ECC concepts presented in the thematic units. Visual Efficiency & Near Magnifier Fluency Worksheet Details: Digital pdf download: 210 pages Publisher: Teaching Students with Visual Impairments Author: Carmen Willings Language: English 
TVI Guide to the ECC and Visual Motor & Magnifier ECC Grab & Go Bundle
$60.00
Buy together at a reduced price! The TVI’s Guide to Teaching the ECC is a digital pdf available for download. It is designed specifically for fellow itinerant Teachers of Students with Visual Impairments (TVI’s), andconsists of over 400 activities and topic areas of discussionfor instructing students in the Expanded Core Curriculum. The activities are age-neutral and multi-sensory and therefore can meet the needs of the broad range of students served on an itinerant caseload serving. The activities can be individualized to the students various learning modalities and scaffold in order to challenge students but ensure success. Select those activities that align with the student’s learning objects based on the student’s unique visual needs and academic and developmental level. The core activities listed in the Activity section can be adapted to each thematic unit. These include: · Object Characteristic Activities · Quantity & Number Concepts · Time Concept Activities · Environment & Job Awareness Activities · Listening Skills Activities · Reading Foundation Activities · Reading Fluency Activities · Braille Basics Activities · Writing Activities · Tactual Efficiency Activities · Developing Skillful Hands Activities · Visual Efficiency Activities · Optical Device Instruction Activities · Recipe Activities In addition to the core activity areas, each of the 32 Thematic Units incorporates additional unique ECC concepts and skills providing you with a years’ worth of activities. These units are cyclical and can be used repeatedly to help students build on prior knowledge and develop a deeper understanding of concepts. Each unit includes suggestions for activity adaptation associated with the unit. These include lists of objects, possible community based experiences, environmental print, poems, children & young reader books, children's songs, pop culture songs, movies, and websites. Unique Concepts within the Units include: · Self Advocacy Activities (e.g. advocating for safe classroom, presenting to class on visual impairment, requesting help and more) · Social Skills Activities (e.g. Being bullied or teased, giving and receiving compliments, body language, "I" messages when upset and more) · Recreation & Leisure Activities (e.g. exploring interest areas, getting involved in clubs and sports, playing games, and more) · O&M Support Activities (e.g. Suggestions for community based experiences, dog guide information, locations in the school, bioptics, ride sharing, traffic signs, and more) · Independent Living Skill Activities (e.g. chores, being responsible, using tools, recipe suggestions, hygiene, staying healthy, labeling foods and products, and more) · Sensory Efficiency Activities (e.g. unique sensory experiences related to the unit, unique optical device activities, and more) · Compensatory Activities (e.g. organizing materials, study habits, and many unique concepts related to the unit) · Career & Vocational Activities (e.g. job awareness, completing applications, job task suggestions, and more) Although the intended audience of this resource is fellow Teachers of Students with Visual Impairments, special education teachers may find these activities beneficial to the students in their classrooms as the activities are multisensory and include life skills and concepts needed by all students. This resource, however, is not intended to take the place of a Teacher of Students with Visual Impairments (TVI). Readers are advised to consult their own TVI’s regarding instruction in the ECC and the unique visual needs of the student’s served in their programs. Note: This curriculum is a digital pdf download. Once you make your purchase you will be directed to an order confirmation page where you will find the download link. This download will also be included on the receipt sent to the email address you provide. The pdf download can be found directly under the order number. TVI's Guide to the ECC Product details Digital pdf download: 346 pages (11 pt font) Publisher: Teaching Students with Visual Impairments Author: Carmen Willings Language: English Visual Efficiency & Near Magnifier Fluency Worksheets: TVI's Guide to the ECC Grab and Go Supplements The Near Magnifier Fluency Worksheets is a Grab and Go supplement to the TVI's Guide to Teaching the ECC. This workbook is a pdf download that can be printed on demand for use with students. It contains five different types of worksheets for developing visual motor skills and near magnifier fluency skills particularly with the use of a video magnifier. As a companion to the TVI’s Guide to the ECC, the worksheets correspond to each of the 32 ECC Thematic units. The worksheets, along with a list of environmental print for each thematic unit, are designed to help students refine their visual motor skills while reinforcing ECC concepts presented in the thematic units. Visual Efficiency & Near Magnifier Fluency Worksheet Details: Digital pdf download: 210 pages Publisher: Teaching Students with Visual Impairments Author: Carmen Willings Language: English 
Thematic Braille Fluency and Maintenance Worksheets: A TVI’s Guide to Teaching the ECC Grab & Go Supplement
$25.00
The Thematic Braille Fluency and Maintenance Grab and Go ECC worksheet packet is a print on demand workbook that contains worksheets in print and simulated braille to use for data collection. All are presented in contracted UEB braille. Present the student with a hard braille copy and use the worksheets to document accuracy and fluency in reading braille. As a companion to the TVI’s Guide to the ECC, the worksheets correspond to the ECC Thematic activities presented in the curriculum guide. These fun activities will help students refine their braille reading skills while bridging ECC concepts presented in the thematic units. Although the lists and passages can be produced using a manual braillewriter, a Duxbury print file is also included should you choose to produce the braille using a braille embosser. Modify as needed for your student, translate, and emboss. Although these word lists and passages were specifically created to document and increase braille reading and writing fluency, they may also be entered into a typing program such as APH’s Talking Typer to build keyboarding fluency. Note: This curriculum is a digital pdf downloads. Once you make your purchase you will be directed to an order confirmation page where you will find the download links. This download will also be included on the receipt sent to the email address you provide. The pdf download can be found directly under the order number. Product details Digital pdf download: 327-page print and simulated braille worksheets with corresponding Duxbury files Publisher: Teaching Students with Visual Impairments Author: Carmen Willings Language: English 
TVI's Guide to Teaching the ECC + Thematic Braille Fluency & Maintenance Grab & Go Bundle
$65.00
Buy together at a reduced price! The TVI’s Guide to Teaching the ECC is a digital pdf available for download. It is designed specifically for fellow itinerant Teachers of Students with Visual Impairments (TVI’s), and consists of over 400 activities and topic areas of discussion for instructing students in the Expanded Core Curriculum. The activities are age-neutral and multi-sensory and therefore can meet the needs of the broad range of students served on an itinerant caseload serving. The activities can be individualized to the students various learning modalities and scaffold in order to challenge students but ensure success. Select those activities that align with the student’s learning objects based on the student’s unique visual needs and academic and developmental level. The core activities listed in the Activity section can be adapted to each thematic unit. These include: · Object Characteristic Activities · Quantity & Number Concepts · Time Concept Activities · Environment & Job Awareness Activities · Listening Skills Activities · Reading Foundation Activities · Reading Fluency Activities · Braille Basics Activities · Writing Activities · Tactual Efficiency Activities · Developing Skillful Hands Activities · Visual Efficiency Activities · Optical Device Instruction Activities · Recipe Activities In addition to the core activity areas, each of the 32 Thematic Units incorporates additional unique ECC concepts and skills providing you with a years’ worth of activities. These units are cyclical and can be used repeatedly to help students build on prior knowledge and develop a deeper understanding of concepts. Each unit includes suggestions for activity adaptation associated with the unit. These include lists of objects, possible community based experiences, environmental print, poems, children & young reader books, children's songs, pop culture songs, movies, and websites. Unique Concepts within the Units include: · Self Advocacy Activities (e.g. advocating for safe classroom, presenting to class on visual impairment, requesting help and more) · Social Skills Activities (e.g. Being bullied or teased, giving and receiving compliments, body language, "I" messages when upset and more) · Recreation & Leisure Activities (e.g. exploring interest areas, getting involved in clubs and sports, playing games, and more) · O&M Support Activities (e.g. Suggestions for community based experiences, dog guide information, locations in the school, bioptics, ride sharing, traffic signs, and more) · Independent Living Skill Activities (e.g. chores, being responsible, using tools, recipe suggestions, hygiene, staying healthy, labeling foods and products, and more) · Sensory Efficiency Activities (e.g. unique sensory experiences related to the unit, unique optical device activities, and more) · Compensatory Activities (e.g. organizing materials, study habits, and many unique concepts related to the unit) · Career & Vocational Activities (e.g. job awareness, completing applications, job task suggestions, and more) Although the intended audience of this resource is fellow Teachers of Students with Visual Impairments, special education teachers may find these activities beneficial to the students in their classrooms as the activities are multi-sensory and include life skills and concepts needed by all students. This resource, however, is not intended to take the place of a Teacher of Students with Visual Impairments (TVI). Readers are advised to consult their own TVI’s regarding instruction in the ECC and the unique visual needs of the student’s served in their programs. TVI's Guide to the ECC Product details Digital pdf download: 346 pages (11 pt font) Publisher: Teaching Students with Visual Impairments Author: Carmen Willings Language: English Thematic Braille Fluency and Maintenance Worksheets: A TVI’s Guide to Teaching the ECC Grab & go Supplement The Thematic Braille Fluency and Maintenance Grab and Go ECC worksheet packet is a print on demand workbook that contains worksheets in print and simulated braille to use for data collection. All are presented in contracted UEB braille. Present the student with a hard braille copy and use the worksheets to document accuracy and fluency in reading braille. As a companion to the TVI’s Guide to the ECC, the worksheets correspond to the ECC Thematic activities presented in the curriculum guide. These fun activities will help students refine their braille reading skills while bridging ECC concepts presented in the thematic units. Although the lists and passages can be produced using a manual braillewriter, a Duxbury print file is also included should you choose to produce the braille using a braille embosser. Modify as needed for your student, translate, and emboss. Although these word lists and passages were specifically created to document and increase braille reading and writing fluency, they may also be entered into a typing program such as APH’s Talking Typer to build keyboarding fluency. Note: This curriculum is a digital pdf downloads. Once you make your purchase you will be directed to an order confirmation page where you will find the download links. This download will also be included on the receipt sent to the email address you provide. The pdf download can be found directly under the order number. Product details Digital pdf download: 327-page print and simulated braille worksheets with corresponding Duxbury files Publisher: Teaching Students with Visual Impairments Author: Carmen Willings Language: English Note: This curriculum is a digital pdf download. Once you make your purchase you will be directed to an order confirmation page where you will find the download link. This download will also be included on the receipt sent to the email address you provide. The pdf download can be found directly under the order number. 
TVI's Guide to Teaching the ECC + Braille Fluency Worksheets + Visual Efficiency Bundle
$75.00
Buy together at a reduced price! The TVI’s Guide to Teaching the ECC is a digital pdf available for download. It is designed specifically for fellow itinerant Teachers of Students with Visual Impairments (TVI’s), and consists of over 400 activities and topic areas of discussion for instructing students in the Expanded Core Curriculum. The activities are age-neutral and multi-sensory and therefore can meet the needs of the broad range of students served on an itinerant caseload serving. The activities can be individualized to the students various learning modalities and scaffold in order to challenge students but ensure success. Select those activities that align with the student’s learning objects based on the student’s unique visual needs and academic and developmental level. The core activities listed in the Activity section can be adapted to each thematic unit. These include: · Object Characteristic Activities · Quantity & Number Concepts · Time Concept Activities · Environment & Job Awareness Activities · Listening Skills Activities · Reading Foundation Activities · Reading Fluency Activities · Braille Basics Activities · Writing Activities · Tactual Efficiency Activities · Developing Skillful Hands Activities · Visual Efficiency Activities · Optical Device Instruction Activities · Recipe Activities In addition to the core activity areas, each of the 32 Thematic Units incorporates additional unique ECC concepts and skills providing you with a years’ worth of activities. These units are cyclical and can be used repeatedly to help students build on prior knowledge and develop a deeper understanding of concepts. Each unit includes suggestions for activity adaptation associated with the unit. These include lists of objects, possible community based experiences, environmental print, poems, children & young reader books, children's songs, pop culture songs, movies, and websites. Unique Concepts within the Units include: · Self Advocacy Activities (e.g. advocating for safe classroom, presenting to class on visual impairment, requesting help and more) · Social Skills Activities (e.g. Being bullied or teased, giving and receiving compliments, body language, "I" messages when upset and more) · Recreation & Leisure Activities (e.g. exploring interest areas, getting involved in clubs and sports, playing games, and more) · O&M Support Activities (e.g. Suggestions for community based experiences, dog guide information, locations in the school, bioptics, ride sharing, traffic signs, and more) · Independent Living Skill Activities (e.g. chores, being responsible, using tools, recipe suggestions, hygiene, staying healthy, labeling foods and products, and more) · Sensory Efficiency Activities (e.g. unique sensory experiences related to the unit, unique optical device activities, and more) · Compensatory Activities (e.g. organizing materials, study habits, and many unique concepts related to the unit) · Career & Vocational Activities (e.g. job awareness, completing applications, job task suggestions, and more) Although the intended audience of this resource is fellow Teachers of Students with Visual Impairments, special education teachers may find these activities beneficial to the students in their classrooms as the activities are multi-sensory and include life skills and concepts needed by all students. This resource, however, is not intended to take the place of a Teacher of Students with Visual Impairments (TVI). Readers are advised to consult their own TVI’s regarding instruction in the ECC and the unique visual needs of the student’s served in their programs. TVI's Guide to the ECC Product details Digital pdf download: 346 pages (11 pt font) Publisher: Teaching Students with Visual Impairments Author: Carmen Willings Language: English Visual Efficiency & Near Magnifier Fluency Worksheets: TVI's Guide to the ECC Grab and Go Supplements The Near Magnifier Fluency Worksheets is a Grab and Go supplement to the TVI's Guide to Teaching the ECC. This workbook is a pdf download that can be printed on demand for use with students. It contains five different types of worksheets for developing visual motor skills and near magnifier fluency skills particularly with the use of a video magnifier. As a companion to the TVI’s Guide to the ECC, the worksheets correspond to each of the 32 ECC Thematic units. The worksheets, along with a list of environmental print for each thematic unit, are designed to help students refine their visual motor skills while reinforcing ECC concepts presented in the thematic units. Visual Efficiency & Near Magnifier Fluency Worksheet Details: Digital pdf download: 210 pages Publisher: Teaching Students with Visual Impairments Author: Carmen Willings Language: English Thematic Braille Fluency and Maintenance Worksheets: A TVI’s Guide to Teaching the ECC Grab & go Supplement The Thematic Braille Fluency and Maintenance Grab and Go ECC worksheet packet is a print on demand workbook that contains worksheets in print and simulated braille to use for data collection. All are presented in contracted UEB braille. Present the student with a hard braille copy and use the worksheets to document accuracy and fluency in reading braille. As a companion to the TVI’s Guide to the ECC, the worksheets correspond to the ECC Thematic activities presented in the curriculum guide. These fun activities will help students refine their braille reading skills while bridging ECC concepts presented in the thematic units. Although the lists and passages can be produced using a manual braillewriter, a Duxbury print file is also included should you choose to produce the braille using a braille embosser. Modify as needed for your student, translate, and emboss. Although these word lists and passages were specifically created to document and increase braille reading and writing fluency, they may also be entered into a typing program such as APH’s Talking Typer to build keyboarding fluency. Note: This curriculum is a digital pdf downloads. Once you make your purchase you will be directed to an order confirmation page where you will find the download links. This download will also be included on the receipt sent to the email address you provide. The pdf download can be found directly under the order number. Product details Digital pdf download: 327-page print and simulated braille worksheets with corresponding Duxbury files Publisher: Teaching Students with Visual Impairments Author: Carmen Willings Language: English Note: This curriculum is a digital pdf download. Once you make your purchase you will be directed to an order confirmation page where you will find the download link. This download will also be included on the receipt sent to the email address you provide. The pdf download can be found directly under the order number. *See each individual book for images from inside each book. |
